1) Sensory memory is the first level of memory that retains the brief impression a sensory stimulus or any of your five senses may cause.
2) A clear example is when you see a dog-running trough the street and then it disappears even though the object disappears it may still be vivid in your memory.
3) Sensory memory is extremely short and lasts about four seconds while visual information fades away in less than a minute.
4) Short-term memory is a system or capacity of temporarily storing and managing information required to carry out basic functions such as learning reasoning and comprehending. Short-term memory involves the selection and encoding of information. It is believed to last and estimate of 2-7 seconds.
5) The magical number is referred as seven plus or minus two this is also known as Millers’ law. Miller is a cognitive psychologist which argues that the number of objects an average human can hold in working memory is seven plus or minus two.
6) Chunking refers to a strategy in which individuals record and encode important information or data in order to remember and use more efficiently short-term memory.
7) Two, three and six has been referred as the ideal number for chunking for letters as well as numbers.
8) Short-term memory is believed to rely more on acoustic code for storing information and to a lesser extent visual code.
9) Long-term memory is believed to be able to store large quantities of information for unlimited amount of time (a whole life span). For example a seven-digit number we can only remember for a short time while trough repetition a telephone number can be remerged for years by storing it trough long-term memory.
10) The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model is a psychological model proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. The proposal focused on how the human memory involves a sequence of three main stages. The three stages are:
Sensory memory (SM): sense organs have ability to retain information in a sort of unprocessed way trough a stimulus for less than a second.
Short-term memory (STM): allows us to remember information long enough to use it
Long-term memory (LTM): provides the lasting retention of information
The model is an explanation of how memory processes work. For example you hear, see and feel several things, but only a small number are truly remembered.
11) One of aspects most criticized in the Akisnson-Shiffrin model is the fact that it is considered to be to linear in structure and never includes some subdivisions the levels of memory may include. When it mentions sensory memory it never acknowledges the neutral activity, which occurs between a neuron and a motor end plate. An example of this is when individuals use sensory memory for physical processes and once an action is performed it is remembered for three seconds and then begins to be forgotten or decays.
12) Levels of Processing are an influential theory and model proposed by Craik and Lockhart in 1972. They reject the idea of dual store model memory. The theory stated that the characteristics of a memory depend on its location (short term store, long term store etc), but instead Craik and Lockart believed information could be processed and remembered in a number of different ways. They stated that the durability of the memory depended on the level or depth of processing involve. (Shallow to deep continuum). This duo also distinguished between two kinds of rehearsal, which are maintenance, and elaborative rehearsal.
13) Maintenance rehearsal is a technique or process, which involves repeating several times certain information or data. Trough maintenance rehearsal your short-term memory can be increased from about 20 seconds to 3 seconds. A clear example is when you call the operator and ask for the phone number of a pizza delivery restaurant, you will repeat the number long enough to remember it when you place the call and order but it wont be stored into long term memory.
13) Maintenance rehearsal is a technique or process which involves repeating several times certain information or data. Trough maintenance rehearsal your short term memory can be increased from about 20 second sto 3 seconds. A clear example is when you call the operator and ask for the phone number of a pizza delievery restaurant, you will repeat the number long enough to rebember it when you place the call and order but it wont be stored into long term memory.
14) Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking and analyzing the meaning of a term or definition so it can be rebembered instead then simply repeting it over and over again. This memorizing tecnique is more efficient and allows information to be stored in the long term memeory. For example when you are studying a new term in bilogy you research the terms definition analyze it then investigate how it relates to your life trough a graph and all of this processing (rehearsel) will help you store the term for a longer period of time.
15) Fergus Craik and Robert S Lockart developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal in 1972.
Sources:
http://penta.ufrgs.br/edu/telelab/3/levels_o.htm
http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Maintenance%20Rehearsal
http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/308677
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